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0 By Max Guttman
I hear it all the time working in Mental Health and also as a person carrying a diagnosis. It’s a term that is both misused and overused, infantilizing, and laden with ableism. The expression I am talking about is “high-functioning”. Clinicians use it to categorize and label people who they feel are doing well and have their condition managed. These are the “worried-well” or the people carrying a diagnosis who also work and, seemingly, go without too many day-to-day crises.
Most people do not realize that there is no such thing as high-functioning. It’s a myth. Without question, this is a myth that is as misleading as it is dangerous to consumers labelled by it. Sure, some folks carrying a mental health diagnosis are managing just fine in their lives. But this is an entirely different phenomenon. People carrying a diagnosis who are not symptomatic are in remission. There is no “high-functioning” term thrown around in the DSM-5. Instead, the DSM uses the expression “in remission”, “partial remission”, “sustained remission”, etc to describe the status of people’s active or inactive symptoms.
The term has no real value
Somehow, somewhere along the road clinicians and people started using the term high-functioning when talking about the mentally ill. The term, however, doesn’t carry any stable meaning. From clinician to clinician, the definition – due to the term’s inherently valueless status – will shift. It takes on a whole new meaning to inaccurately and ineffectively describe a mentally ill person’s general situation.
Clinicians use it to talk about a person’s capacity to work, perform ADLs (Activities of Daily Living) and relate with others, and generally to talk about how “well” the patient is doing. But “well” isn’t a clinical term either. So why do people continue to use the term high-functioning? I suspect this is rooted in the application of the DSM-4, where there was once a GAF score (Global Assessment of Functioning) to evaluate how a person manages across different domains of living and how they “function” in these areas. A low score gestured to a person struggling to perform basic life functions and a high score signaled that the consumer was managing their illness well.
The GAF was not only used to score and diagnose; it was used by government agencies and disability determinists to rate a person’s general prognosis and even predict if they would need government assistance. A low score might have awarded a person carrying a diagnosis disability payments, and a high score might have disqualified them from services.
Origins of the myth
This is where the myth began to emerge in the field of mental health. The GAF score, along with its application and implementation in clinical practice, was as rife with inaccuracies and misuse as it was unhelpful in determining the real clinical picture of the person diagnosed. Inter-rater reliability between clinicians was low. The scores were often unreproducible from the same clinician using the scale multiple times, evaluating the same person’s health at different times with the same health status and client reporting.
In fact, when I was talking with a therapist years ago who was still using the GAF to evaluate my health in a treatment plan review, I would joke with the therapist and ask, “What is my GAF this time?” Since I was a clinician at the time, and I knew how ineffective and inaccurate the GAF score truly was, I would question my therapist’s score. If I was scored at a 70, I would say, “You know, I think I am really at 75”. My therapist would clumsily go over the scale with me, and we would pick out a number that “seemed” more representative of how I was doing.
But the reality of things was that this number was only a marker. It was a lousy diagnostic tool. However, it continued to be used by so many government agencies to award people much-needed services like case management and housing services for consumers.
Patients fall through the cracks
At the crux of it, the term high-functioning carries with it an assumption. The assumption that the person carrying the diagnosis is doing just fine. Clinicians, caregivers, family and friends use this term to justify, in many cases, the untimely termination of assistance and the elimination of benefits. They put the enrollment patients into programs to maintain their progress.
Without question, the so-called high-functioning patients are left to their own devices when they have reached a point in their recovery that they can be independent. With this said, many consumers fall back into the system and become symptomatic because their programs, Medicaid or disability are cut off. They are left to navigate their lives without the help they have always been accustomed to.
Consumers often cycle back into the system when they reach a certain point in their recovery. They stop being eligible for services. Then, inactive symptoms can become active again, and perhaps even more symptomatic, when the patient relapses. Many patients without services are very much at risk of going into “free-fall” because they aren’t connected to treatment anymore. They are supposedly recovered. In many cases, however, these are the patients that fall through the cracks of the system.
In order to change the system, we need to fundamentally change the language. The very meaning of words used in clinical practice needs to change. Once the language is stabilized, we can more accurately use it to highlight a person’s clinical picture. Then we can begin to assimilate a new lexicon to talk and think about the way mental health treatment is handled by the experts and people with a vested interest in a loved one or family member.
UNITED STATES
UNITED KINGDOM
Totally agree I am termed in recovery as I am not currently falling apart so my help is finishing this week when personally I feel I have a long way to go
[…] Using the term High-Functioning – I’ve heard of this term, but I had no idea where it came from or how it came to be applied to those of us with relatively stable mental health conditions […]